Dogs in treatment often go on to live another 2–4 years and often die due to age-related causes instead of Cushing’s disease. A few things can cause Cushing’s disease in dogs, such as a tumor (usually benign) on the pituitary gland, a tumor on one of the adrenal glands, or long-term steroid use. The first cause is the most common.Addison’s disease is caused by a lack of cortisol and aldosterone hormones. This deficiency contributes to general signs of illness, and the condition may become life-threatening if the hormone levels drop too low. The most common cause of Addison’s disease is hereditary, and it causes the dog’s immune system to destroy their adrenal glands. In most cases, Cushing’s disease is caused by an excess of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Cushing’s disease can be subtle at first, but there are some telltale signs that something is wrong. Here are five things to watch for: Weight gain: One of the earliest signs of Cushing’s disease in dogs is weight gain.This overproduction of cortisol often leads to: increased thirst and urination. changes to skin and fur coat. increased appetite. pot-bellied appearance. Cushing’s Disease can also lead to neurological symptoms, primarily when a pituitary gland tumor is the underlying cause.The symptoms of Cushing's disease are similar to those seen in other causes of Cushing's syndrome. Patients with Cushing's disease usually present with one or more signs and symptoms secondary to the presence of excess cortisol or ACTH. Although uncommon, some patients with Cushing's disease have large pituitary tumors (macroadenomas). Feb 7, 2022 · At the earliest stages of the disease, the signs of Cushing’s Syndrome are very easy to misdiagnose as the normal signs of aging. The symptoms of CD develop slowly, it can take as long as a year for the symptoms to become noticeable. Early signs of Cushing’s Disease often include drinking more water, peeing more, and weakening back legs. Dogs with a urine specific gravity greater than 1.025 are less likely to have Cushing’s. This is by far the most accurate, safe and effective method of diagnosing Cushing’s disease. If this test shows an elevated Cortisol-Creatinine ratio, you’ll also want to follow up with an ultrasound. I’ll talk about this next.There are a variety of symptoms that can appear in a dog with Cushing’s disease. Here are some of the most common signs of Cushing’s disease in dogs: Drinking more water. Increased urination. Increased appetite.Background For the prehospital diagnosis of raised intracranial pressure (ICP), clinicians are reliant on clinical signs such as the Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), pupillary response and/or Cushing’s triad (hypertension, bradycardia and an irregular breathing pattern). This study aimed to explore the diagnostic accuracy of these signs as indicators of a raised ICP. Methods We performed a ...Cushing's disease (also known as Cushing’s syndrome) is a condition in which the adrenal glands overproduce certain hormones. The medical term for this disease is hyperadrenocorticism. Literally translated, “hyper” means over-active, “adreno” means adrenal gland, and “corticism” refers to the outer part (cortex) of the adrenal gland. Cushing triad is a clinical syndrome consisting of hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respiration and is a sign of impending brain herniation. This occurs when the ICP is too high the elevation of blood pressure is a reflex mechanism to maintain CPP. High blood pressure causes reflex bradycardia and brain stem compromise affecting ...Cushing disease is a rare disorder characterized by increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production from the anterior pituitary, leading to excess cortisol release from the adrenal glands.[1] Most often, this caused by a pituitary adenoma or as the result of excess production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. Symptoms include generalized weakness, high ...A nurse is assessing a client who is admitted to the hospital with a tentative diagnosis of a pituitary tumor. What signs of Cushing syndrome does the nurse identify? Question options: Retention of sodium and water. Hypotension and a rapid thready pulse. Increased fatty deposition in the extremities. Hypoglycemic episodes in the early morning.Dec 30, 2022 · Early stages of Cushing's disease. The most common early signs of Cushing's disease include: Increased appetite due to high cortisol levels. Dogs seem to be constantly ravenous, even stealing food from the garbage and constantly begging for treats. Increased water consumption from high levels of cortisol. This review focuses on the problems introduced into the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome by the obesity epidemic and on ways to alter the traditional approach, using ...Early stages of Cushing's disease. The most common early signs of Cushing's disease include: Increased appetite due to high cortisol levels. Dogs seem to be constantly ravenous, even stealing food from the garbage and constantly begging for treats. Increased water consumption from high levels of cortisol.It is beneficial for horse owners to watch for any signs of Cushing’s Disease, especially if they have an older horse, so that it may be diagnosed in the early stages. Early identification can make the disease easier to manage and increase the quality of life of the Cushing’s horse. Below is a list of early signs: Increased lethargyThe early clinical signs of Cushing’s disease are often overlooked or simply put down to ‘old age’. These include the development of a pot belly and loss of topline over the back - both associated with reduced muscle mass and strength. Other signs develop as the disease progresses, including an excessively long hair coat ... Steroid treatment is effective for these conditions, but can cause symptoms and signs of Cushing syndrome as a side effect of such treatment. Cushing syndrome can also be due to endogenous causes; approximately 70% of Cushing syndrome is the result of Cushing disease.Cushing’s triad of signs includes hypertension, bradycardia and apnea. Dr. Harvey Cushing introduced blood pressure measurement as a method of monitoring patient status during neurosurgical procedures. Cushing recognized that the body’s initial response to rising intracranial pressure is a rise in systolic blood pressure.It is beneficial for horse owners to watch for any signs of Cushing’s Disease, especially if they have an older horse, so that it may be diagnosed in the early stages. Early identification can make the disease easier to manage and increase the quality of life of the Cushing’s horse. Below is a list of early signs: Increased lethargyA doctor may suspect Cushing syndrome if a person has the telltale signs, such as a rounded face, a pad of fatty tissue between the shoulders, thin skin with bruises and stretch marks, and poor growth. In children, doctors might suspect Cushing syndrome when a child is gaining weight but not growing as expected. Sep 30, 2017 · The classical signs of Cushing’s Disease in horses (pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction/PPID) of poor topline, sagging belly and long curly coat that fails to shed are only evident fairly late in the condition. If your horse is in the teens there are changes you need to know which could be linked to early PPID. A. Vasodilation. B. Necrotic tissue edema. D. Edema from initial brain insult. An early sign of increased ICP that the nurse should assess for is. A. Cushing's Triad. B. Unexpected vomiting. C. Decreased LOC. D. Dilated pupil with sluggish response to light. C. Decreased LOC.Feb 7, 2022 · At the earliest stages of the disease, the signs of Cushing’s Syndrome are very easy to misdiagnose as the normal signs of aging. The symptoms of CD develop slowly, it can take as long as a year for the symptoms to become noticeable. Early signs of Cushing’s Disease often include drinking more water, peeing more, and weakening back legs. Jun 7, 2023 · Common symptoms of Cushing syndrome. Weight gain in the trunk, with thin arms and legs. Weight gain in the face. This is sometimes called moon face. A fatty lump between the shoulders. This may be referred to as a buffalo hump. Pink or purple stretch marks on the stomach, hips, thighs, breasts and ... May 22, 2023 · Cushing’s disease – or hyperadenocorticism – is a condition where the dog’s body produces too much of the hormone ‘cortisol’ Signs your dog may have Cushing’s include drinking lots and urinating frequently, hair loss, weight gain, panting, changes to the skin’s appearance and abdominal swelling – but these can be signs of lots of other health conditions too and many healthy ... 3. ~ After thyroidectomy the nurse assesses the client for signs of hypocalcemia and tetany. Early signs include tingling around the mouth and in the fingertips, muscle twitching or spasms, palpitations or arrhythmias, and Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs. Bradycardia, flaccid paralysis, and absence of Chvostek's sign are not signs of hypocalcemia. May 22, 2023 · Cushing’s disease – or hyperadenocorticism – is a condition where the dog’s body produces too much of the hormone ‘cortisol’ Signs your dog may have Cushing’s include drinking lots and urinating frequently, hair loss, weight gain, panting, changes to the skin’s appearance and abdominal swelling – but these can be signs of lots of other health conditions too and many healthy ... Cushing’s Syndrome Symptoms. Your case might be different than someone else's, but when the disease is full-blown, common symptoms are: A rounded, rosy face. Weight gain, especially in the upper ...Cushing’s disease is a terminal illness that develops slowly. Often the stages of Cushing’s syndrome in dogs are difficult to recognize because they are similar to the signs of aging. Most dogs are middle-aged when most at risk of developing CD. One of the first stages of CD is dehydration.Read on to discover the basics of Cushing’s Disease in Dachshunds, including what warning signs you should be looking for, how it is diagnosed, and what you can do to help your Dachshund manage the condition after a diagnosis. The first thing to know is that the two primary causes of Cushing’s Disease affect cortisol levels in dogs.Jun 7, 2023 · Common symptoms of Cushing syndrome. Weight gain in the trunk, with thin arms and legs. Weight gain in the face. This is sometimes called moon face. A fatty lump between the shoulders. This may be referred to as a buffalo hump. Pink or purple stretch marks on the stomach, hips, thighs, breasts and ... 1) pain that is worse upon arising in the morning. 2) stiffness that worsens with joint use. symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, and swelling, which may flare and subside; many with the condition are affected by morning stiffness; even mild skin psoriasis can have a significant degree of arthritis.Jul 29, 2022 · In most cases, Cushing’s disease is caused by an excess of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Cushing’s disease can be subtle at first, but there are some telltale signs that something is wrong. Here are five things to watch for: Weight gain: One of the earliest signs of Cushing’s disease in dogs is weight gain. Dogs in treatment often go on to live another 2–4 years and often die due to age-related causes instead of Cushing’s disease. A few things can cause Cushing’s disease in dogs, such as a tumor (usually benign) on the pituitary gland, a tumor on one of the adrenal glands, or long-term steroid use. The first cause is the most common.Sep 30, 2017 · The classical signs of Cushing’s Disease in horses (pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction/PPID) of poor topline, sagging belly and long curly coat that fails to shed are only evident fairly late in the condition. If your horse is in the teens there are changes you need to know which could be linked to early PPID. Cushing’s syndrome can be serious if it’s not treated. Too much cortisol can produce some of the hallmark signs of Cushing syndrome — a buffalo hump between your shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks on your skin. Cushing syndrome can also result in high blood pressure, bone loss and, on occasion, type 2 diabetes.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Rapid breathing is first seen in what stage of shock?, Signs and symptoms of concussion include all of the following except, Signs and symptoms of Cushing's phenomenon include all of the following except: and more. A nurse is assessing a client who is admitted to the hospital with a tentative diagnosis of a pituitary tumor. What signs of Cushing syndrome does the nurse identify? Question options: Retention of sodium and water. Hypotension and a rapid thready pulse. Increased fatty deposition in the extremities. Hypoglycemic episodes in the early morning. What is Cushing's syndrome? Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder. It’s caused when you have high levels of the hormone cortisol over a long time. Cushing's syndrome is fairly rare. It most often affects adults who are 20 to 50 years old. It is sometimes called hypercortisolism.Physically, someone with Cushing syndrome might have: Overweight or obesity above the waist but thin arms and legs. A round, red face, sometimes referred to as a moon face. A fat lump between the shoulders, sometimes called a buffalo hump. Weak muscles or bones including osteoporosis, bone pain, and ... Cushing reflex (also referred to as the vasopressor response, the Cushing effect, the Cushing reaction, the Cushing phenomenon, the Cushing response, or Cushing's Law) is a physiological nervous system response to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) that results in Cushing's triad of increased blood pressure, irregular breathing, and ...What is Cushing's syndrome? Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder. It’s caused when you have high levels of the hormone cortisol over a long time. Cushing's syndrome is fairly rare. It most often affects adults who are 20 to 50 years old. It is sometimes called hypercortisolism. The symptoms of Cushing's disease are similar to those seen in other causes of Cushing's syndrome. Patients with Cushing's disease usually present with one or more signs and symptoms secondary to the presence of excess cortisol or ACTH. Although uncommon, some patients with Cushing's disease have large pituitary tumors (macroadenomas).Cushing disease is a rare disorder characterized by increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production from the anterior pituitary, leading to excess cortisol release from the adrenal glands.[1] Most often, this caused by a pituitary adenoma or as the result of excess production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. Symptoms include generalized weakness, high ...Signs. Also known as equine Cushing’s disease, PPID can cause signs that are subtle and easy to miss, such as a decrease in activity. The disease can progress to include loss of muscle mass and hair coat changes. “They may seem quieter than normal, perhaps duller,” notes Nicholas Frank, DVM, Ph.D., DACVIM, professor at the Tufts ...Cushing’s disease is a terminal illness that develops slowly. Often the stages of Cushing’s syndrome in dogs are difficult to recognize because they are similar to the signs of aging. Most dogs are middle-aged when most at risk of developing CD. One of the first stages of CD is dehydration.A doctor may suspect Cushing syndrome if a person has the telltale signs, such as a rounded face, a pad of fatty tissue between the shoulders, thin skin with bruises and stretch marks, and poor growth. In children, doctors might suspect Cushing syndrome when a child is gaining weight but not growing as expected. She didn’t do Cushing’s despite the other vet saying she suspected it. This vet said if my dog had Cushing’s, she would be drinking whole bowls of water a day and her urine would be diluted and she’d be having accidents. BUT she did say she has an elevated liver enzyme that is associated with Cushing’s. What symptoms did your dog have? The most common signs seen with hyperadrenocorticism include excessive urination, excessive drinking, increased appetite, hair loss, muscle weakness, a “potbellied” appearance, panting, thin skin and lethargy. Virtually all dogs with Cushing’s disease have at least one of these signs, but it would be uncommon to have all of them.Early Warning Signs of Cushing’s Disease. Older dogs are the most likely to develop Cushing’s. According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), owners first notice something is wrong when their dogs show extreme thirst and therefore need to urinate more frequently, often during the night. Many pet parents just chalk this up to old age or other ... Early Stage Cushing's Disease. In the early stages of Cushing's disease, the symptoms may be subtle and easily overlooked. Common signs include increased thirst and urination, increased appetite, and a pot-bellied appearance. Your dog may also experience hair loss, thinning skin, and recurrent skin infections.Cushing’s triad of signs includes hypertension, bradycardia and apnea. Dr. Harvey Cushing introduced blood pressure measurement as a method of monitoring patient status during neurosurgical procedures. Cushing recognized that the body’s initial response to rising intracranial pressure is a rise in systolic blood pressure.In most cases, Cushing’s disease is caused by an excess of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Cushing’s disease can be subtle at first, but there are some telltale signs that something is wrong. Here are five things to watch for: Weight gain: One of the earliest signs of Cushing’s disease in dogs is weight gain.Cushing's syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms due to prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids such as cortisol. Signs and symptoms may include high blood pressure, abdominal obesity but with thin arms and legs, reddish stretch marks, a round red face due to facial plethora, a fat lump between the shoulders, weak muscles, weak bones, acne, and fragile skin that heals poorly.Symptoms of Cushing's syndrome can start suddenly or gradually. They tend to get slowly worse if not treated. One of the main signs is weight gain and more body fat, such as: increased fat on your chest and tummy, but slim arms and legs. a build-up of fat on the back of your neck and shoulders, known as a "buffalo hump". Left untreated dogs with Cushing’s are predisposed to a number of internal problems, including high blood pressure, urinary tract infections, urinary stones, pancreatitis, clot formation/stroke, diabetes, and vision loss, so early diagnosis and control are important to preventing the majority of the serious complications of this disease. Aug 10, 2023 · This review focuses on the problems introduced into the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome by the obesity epidemic and on ways to alter the traditional approach, using ... Recovery from Cushing’s syndrome has a natural course to run (usually more than 6 months), even when everything turned out O.K. (surgery, post-treatment hormonal values, regression of physical signs and symptoms, etc.). The speed with which it happens, however, may depend on several factors. First, as it has been frequently emphasized in this ... Physically, someone with Cushing syndrome might have: Overweight or obesity above the waist but thin arms and legs. A round, red face, sometimes referred to as a moon face. A fat lump between the shoulders, sometimes called a buffalo hump. Weak muscles or bones including osteoporosis, bone pain, and ...Left untreated dogs with Cushing’s are predisposed to a number of internal problems, including high blood pressure, urinary tract infections, urinary stones, pancreatitis, clot formation/stroke, diabetes, and vision loss, so early diagnosis and control are important to preventing the majority of the serious complications of this disease. Mar 1, 2023 · To help you spot any signs and symptoms of cushing’s disease in your dog, we’ve broken them down into two categories. Early Symptoms of Cushing’s Disease in Dogs. Increased appetite. We know that in people, excessive cortisol levels stimulate their appetite and lead to weight gain. The same appears to be true for dogs. Symptoms of Cushing's Disease in Horses. Cushing’s disease is a progressive disorder. The symptoms may be slow to present but will ultimately progress with time. The most common signs observed in horses with Cushing’s disease/PPID include: Failure to shed winter coat fully, or patchy shedding; Long and/or curly coat; Chronic infectionsJan 11, 2017 · Cushing’s disease is a chronic condition that necessitates long term care and monitoring tests. Familiarity with the symptoms enables dog parents to recognize the early warning signs and seek prompt treatment. With appropriate care, dogs with Cushing’s disease can lead long and happy lives. Feb 9, 2022 · Cushing’s disease, also called hyperadrenocorticism, is a condition caused by having too much cortisol. Cortisol is a hormone found in all mammals that’s responsible for helping the body deal with stress, control blood pressure, and metabolize sugar. When a cat, dog, or human has Cushing’s disease, the excess cortisol in their body then ... This overproduction of cortisol often leads to: increased thirst and urination. changes to skin and fur coat. increased appetite. pot-bellied appearance. Cushing’s Disease can also lead to neurological symptoms, primarily when a pituitary gland tumor is the underlying cause.Cushing's disease (also known as Cushing’s syndrome) is a condition in which the adrenal glands overproduce certain hormones. The medical term for this disease is hyperadrenocorticism. Literally translated, “hyper” means over-active, “adreno” means adrenal gland, and “corticism” refers to the outer part (cortex) of the adrenal gland. Recovery from Cushing’s syndrome has a natural course to run (usually more than 6 months), even when everything turned out O.K. (surgery, post-treatment hormonal values, regression of physical signs and symptoms, etc.). The speed with which it happens, however, may depend on several factors. First, as it has been frequently emphasized in this ... What are the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome? weight gain. thin arms and legs. a round face. increased fat around the base of the neck. a fatty hump between the shoulders. easy bruising. wide purple stretch marks, mainly on the abdomen, breasts, hips, and under the arms. weak muscles. May 22, 2023 · Cushing’s disease – or hyperadenocorticism – is a condition where the dog’s body produces too much of the hormone ‘cortisol’ Signs your dog may have Cushing’s include drinking lots and urinating frequently, hair loss, weight gain, panting, changes to the skin’s appearance and abdominal swelling – but these can be signs of lots of other health conditions too and many healthy ... Dec 30, 2022 · Early stages of Cushing's disease. The most common early signs of Cushing's disease include: Increased appetite due to high cortisol levels. Dogs seem to be constantly ravenous, even stealing food from the garbage and constantly begging for treats. Increased water consumption from high levels of cortisol. Mar 1, 2023 · To help you spot any signs and symptoms of cushing’s disease in your dog, we’ve broken them down into two categories. Early Symptoms of Cushing’s Disease in Dogs. Increased appetite. We know that in people, excessive cortisol levels stimulate their appetite and lead to weight gain. The same appears to be true for dogs. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The nurse caring for a client following a craniotomy monitors for signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Which indicates an early sign of increased ICP?, The nurse is monitoring a client who sustained a head injury and suspects that the client has a skull fracture. This conclusion is based on which findings? Select all ...Sep 1, 2000 · Transphenoidal removal of the tumor is the treatment of choice for Cushing's disease. 29 – 31 Cure is likely if the patient develops hypocortisolism in the first few days to weeks after surgery ... Sep 30, 2017 · The classical signs of Cushing’s Disease in horses (pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction/PPID) of poor topline, sagging belly and long curly coat that fails to shed are only evident fairly late in the condition. If your horse is in the teens there are changes you need to know which could be linked to early PPID. The Cushing reflex is a physiological nervous system response to acute elevations of intracranial pressure (ICP), resulting in the Cushing triad of widened pulse pressure (increasing systolic, decreasing diastolic) bradycardia, and irregular respirations. In the first stage of the Cushing reflex, blood pressure and heart rate rise in response ...
In the early 20th century, the term “pluriglandular syndrome” was coined by Harvey Cushing to describe the disorder that results from chronic tissue exposure to excessive levels of glucocorticoids. 1 Now called Cushing’s syndrome, the condition affects an estimated 10-15 million people annually, most often women and individuals between the ages of 20 and 50 years. 2 Risk factors and .... Logs
Read on to discover the basics of Cushing’s Disease in Dachshunds, including what warning signs you should be looking for, how it is diagnosed, and what you can do to help your Dachshund manage the condition after a diagnosis. The first thing to know is that the two primary causes of Cushing’s Disease affect cortisol levels in dogs.Alopecia is a chronic, immune-mediated skin disease that causes a sudden loss of hair. The scalp, beard, eyelashes, eyebrows, and body can all be affected. To develop alopecia, an individual must have both a family history, and some type of environmental trigger. The most common presentation involves bald patches on the scalp or beard.Cushing's syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms due to prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids such as cortisol. Signs and symptoms may include high blood pressure, abdominal obesity but with thin arms and legs, reddish stretch marks, a round red face due to facial plethora, a fat lump between the shoulders, weak muscles, weak bones, acne, and fragile skin that heals poorly. 3. ~ After thyroidectomy the nurse assesses the client for signs of hypocalcemia and tetany. Early signs include tingling around the mouth and in the fingertips, muscle twitching or spasms, palpitations or arrhythmias, and Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs. Bradycardia, flaccid paralysis, and absence of Chvostek's sign are not signs of hypocalcemia.A. Vasodilation. B. Necrotic tissue edema. D. Edema from initial brain insult. An early sign of increased ICP that the nurse should assess for is. A. Cushing's Triad. B. Unexpected vomiting. C. Decreased LOC. D. Dilated pupil with sluggish response to light. C. Decreased LOC.The most common signs seen with hyperadrenocorticism include excessive urination, excessive drinking, increased appetite, hair loss, muscle weakness, a “potbellied” appearance, panting, thin skin and lethargy. Virtually all dogs with Cushing’s disease have at least one of these signs, but it would be uncommon to have all of them.Early stages of Cushing's disease. The most common early signs of Cushing's disease include: Increased appetite due to high cortisol levels. Dogs seem to be constantly ravenous, even stealing food from the garbage and constantly begging for treats. Increased water consumption from high levels of cortisol.Feb 27, 2023 · Cushing disease is a rare disorder characterized by increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production from the anterior pituitary, leading to excess cortisol release from the adrenal glands.[1] Most often, this caused by a pituitary adenoma or as the result of excess production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. Symptoms include generalized weakness, high ... She didn’t do Cushing’s despite the other vet saying she suspected it. This vet said if my dog had Cushing’s, she would be drinking whole bowls of water a day and her urine would be diluted and she’d be having accidents. BUT she did say she has an elevated liver enzyme that is associated with Cushing’s. What symptoms did your dog have?Cushing’s disease is a chronic condition that necessitates long term care and monitoring tests. Familiarity with the symptoms enables dog parents to recognize the early warning signs and seek prompt treatment. With appropriate care, dogs with Cushing’s disease can lead long and happy lives.A Combination of all listed Cushing’s Symptoms in Dogs: If a dog exhibits multiple major warning signs of Cushing’s, there is a very high chance that the dog has Canine Cushings Disease. Increased Cortisol Levels: The most reliable indicator of Cushing’s in dogs symptoms is increased cortisol levels. This is the most direct analysis and ... Objective We tested whether Cushing’s sign could predict severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) requiring immediate neurosurgical intervention (BI-NSI) in children after blunt trauma. Design Retrospective cohort study using Japan Trauma Data Bank. Setting Emergency and critical care centres in secondary and tertiary hospitals in Japan. Participants Children between the ages of 2 and 15 years ... .